Clinical Pathology MCQs Set 2
21. M/E ratio decrease in
a. Hyperplasia of erytheroid cells.
b. Hypoplasia of erytheroid cells.
c. Hyperplasia of myeloid cells
d. Hypolpasia of myeloid cells
Correct Answer: a. Hyperplasia of erytheroid cells.
Explanation: The Myeloid-to-Erythroid (M/E) ratio decreases when there is an increase in red blood cell precursors (erythroid hyperplasia), commonly seen in regenerative anemias as the bone marrow attempts to compensate for blood loss or hemolysis.
22. In morphine and chloral hydrate treatment the urine will be positive for
a. Glucose
b. Blood
c. Bilirubin
d. Ketone bodies
Correct Answer: a. Glucose
Explanation: Morphine and chloral hydrate can interfere with chemical tests for glucose. Specifically, they can cause a false-positive reaction for glycosuria when using copper reduction tests (like Benedict’s reagent) due to the excretion of glucuronide conjugates.
23. Hyaline casts will be seen in animals suffering from
a. Fever
b. Glomerlonephritis
c. CIN
d. Shock
Correct Answer: b. Glomerulonephritis
Explanation: Hyaline casts are composed of Tamm-Horsfall mucoprotein. While they can appear in small numbers during fever or exercise, they are most significantly associated with glomerular leakage of plasma proteins, as seen in Glomerulonephritis.
24. Waxy casts are
a. Yellow/ gray in colour & highly refractile.
b. Orange in colour & highly refractile.
c. Pink in colour & highly refractile
d. Yellow in colour
Correct Answer: a. Yellow/ gray in colour & highly refractile.
Explanation: Waxy casts represent the final stage of cast degeneration. They are typically yellow or gray, have a dull waxy appearance, and are highly refractile with characteristic squared-off ends and notched sides.
25. Indirect Van Den Berg test is done to detect
a. Unconjugated biliribin in serum.
b. Conjugated biliribin in serum.
c. Protein in serum
d. Biliverdin im serum
Correct Answer: a. Unconjugated biliribin in serum.
Explanation: The Indirect Van Den Berg test requires the addition of alcohol to make the bilirubin soluble for the reaction; it specifically detects unconjugated (pre-hepatic) bilirubin.
26. Fibrinogen is increased in
a. Inflammation and chronic nephritis.
b. In hepatitis.
c. In CIN
d. In diabetes mellitus
Correct Answer: a. Inflammation and chronic nephritis.
Explanation: Fibrinogen is an acute-phase protein. Its concentration rises significantly during inflammation, tissue damage, and chronic inflammatory conditions like nephritis.
27. SGPT is increased
a. Only in liver damage
b. In kidney damage
c. In liver and kidney damage
d. In cardiac muscle demage
Correct Answer: c. In liver and kidney damage
Explanation: While SGPT (ALT) is most commonly used as a specific marker for liver damage in dogs and cats, it is also present in smaller amounts in the kidney, and levels can rise if both organs are affected.
28. Lactic dehydrogenase is increased in
a. Liver, kidney and heart damage
b. Skeletal muscle damage.
c. Liver damage
d. Heart demage
Correct Answer: a. Liver, kidney and heart damage
Explanation: Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) is a non-specific enzyme found in many tissues. An increase in serum LDH indicates cellular damage to the liver, kidneys, heart, or skeletal muscles.
29. Which of the following is incorrect?
a. Erythropoietin stimulates RBCs production
b. Erythropoietin stimulates TLC production
c. Erythropoietin produced from hepatocytes
d. Erythropoietin is produced by nephrons
Correct Answer: b. Erythropoietin stimulates TLC production
Explanation: Erythropoietin (EPO) specifically targets the erythroid lineage to stimulate RBC production. It does not stimulate the Total Leukocyte Count (TLC); that is the role of Colony Stimulating Factors (CSFs) and Interleukins.
30. Which of the following can affect the neutrophil count in peripheral blood?
a. Changes in the rates of marrow production and release
b. Exchange between marginal and circulating neutrophil pool
c. Tissue demand
d. Corticosteroids
Correct Answer: d. Corticosteroids
Explanation: All choices technically influence counts, but Corticosteroids are a classic cause of a “Stress Leukogram,” which causes neutrophils to move from the marginal to the circulating pool, increasing the measured count.
31. Causes of neutrophilia include all of the following except:
a. Epinephrine release
b. Glucorticoid release
c. Inflammation
d. Hemorrhage
Correct Answer: d. Hemorrhage
Explanation: Acute hemorrhage initially causes a decrease in all cell types. While a regenerative response later increases RBCs, neutrophilia is a direct hallmark of inflammation, stress (glucocorticoids), and excitement (epinephrine).
32. In chronic renal failure.
a. Serum phosphate level is decreased.
b. Serum creatinine is more than 2mg %.
c. Pulmonary edema is secondary to fluid overload.
d. Serum phosphate level is increased.
Correct Answer: d. Serum phosphate level is increased.
Explanation: In Chronic Renal Failure, the kidneys fail to excrete phosphorus effectively, leading to hyperphosphatemia (increased serum phosphate levels).
33. Acanthocytes are
a. Erytherocytes with spine like projections
b. Seen in autoimmune hemolytic anemia
c. Seen in defective erytheropoisis
d. Seen over dose of EDTA
Correct Answer: a. Erytherocytes with spine like projections
Explanation: Acanthocytes (spur cells) are red blood cells with irregular, varying-length spine-like projections. They are often seen in liver disease or splenic hemangiosarcoma.
34. Lipemic plasma is observed in
a. Diabetes mellitus and acute pancreatitis
b. Bone marrow depression and dehydration
c. Liver diseases
d. Fever
Correct Answer: a. Diabetes mellitus and acute pancreatitis
Explanation: Lipemia (milky appearance of plasma) occurs due to high triglycerides. This is common in Diabetes mellitus (impaired lipid metabolism) and Acute Pancreatitis.
35. Decreased leukocyte count is observed in:
a. Only in viral infection.
b. In viral and early bacterial infection.
c. Bone marrow depression
d. Dehydration
Correct Answer: c. Bone marrow depression
Explanation: A decreased total leukocyte count (leukopenia) is most definitively caused by bone marrow depression, where the production of all white blood cells is impaired.
36. Shift to the left means.
a. Increase in the hyper mature neutophils in circulation.
b. Increase in the immature neutrophills in circulation.
c. Decrease in hyper segmented neutrophils in the circulation
d. Increase in myelocytes in circulation
Correct Answer: b. Increase in the immature neutrophills in circulation.
Explanation: A “Left Shift” indicates that the bone marrow is releasing immature neutrophils (bands) into the blood, usually in response to significant inflammation.
37. Shift to right means.
a. Increased hyper segmented neutrophils in circulation.
b. Increase in immature neutrophils in circulation.
c. Decrease in hyper segmented neutrophils in circulation.
d. Increase in meta myelocytes in circulation
Correct Answer: a. Increased hyper segmented neutrophils in circulation.
Explanation: A “Right Shift” refers to the presence of hypersegmented neutrophils (older cells with 5 or more nuclear lobes), often seen in corticosteroid use or Vitamin B12 deficiency.
38. Chronic myeloproliferative disorders include the following:
a. Chronic myeloid leukemia.
b. Polycythemia Vera.
c. Primary myelodysplastic syndrome.
d. Absolute polycytemia
Correct Answer: a. Chronic myeloid leukemia.
Explanation: Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) is a classic myeloproliferative disorder characterized by the overproduction of myeloid cells.
39. Number of pus cell increase in urine due to
a. Pyelonephritis
b. Pasteurelloisis
c. Tuberculosis
d. Brucellosis
Correct Answer: a. Pyelonephritis
Explanation: Pus cells (leukocytes) in the urine (pyuria) are a primary indicator of inflammation or infection in the urinary tract, such as Pyelonephritis (kidney infection).
40. Myoglobin in urine is detected in
a. Strangles
b. Glanders
c. Azoturia
d. Equine infectious anemia
Correct Answer: c. Azoturia
Explanation: Azoturia (Equine Exertional Rhabdomyolysis or “tying up”) causes massive muscle breakdown, releasing myoglobin into the blood which is then excreted in the urine, giving it a dark red-brown color.