1. Cell is bounded by a membrane
a) Plasma membrane
b) Nuclear membrane
c) Basement membrane
d) Lysosomal membrane
Correct answer: a) Plasma membrane
Explanation: The plasma membrane encloses the entire cell and regulates transport across it.
2. Mitochondria mainly involved in
a) Protein synthesis
b) Production of enzymes
c) Generation of energy
d) Production of hormones
Correct answer: c) Generation of energy
Explanation: Mitochondria generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation, serving as the cell’s powerhouse.
3. The DNA of cell is mainly present in
a) Cytoplasm
b) Nucleus
c) Rough endoplasmic reticulum
d) Lysosome
Correct answer: b) Nucleus
Explanation: Nuclear DNA contains almost all genetic material except mitochondrial DNA.
4. Melanin is a
a) Cytoplasmic organelle
b) Cytoplasmic inclusion
c) Enzyme
d) Hormone
Correct answer: b) Cytoplasmic inclusion
Explanation: Melanin is a pigment stored as non-living inclusions within melanocytes.
5. In case of mitosis chromosome number remain
a) constant
b) double
c) half
d) none of above
Correct answer: a) constant
Explanation: Mitosis produces two daughter cells identical to the parent cell, maintaining chromosome number.
6. In epithelium junction between two cells are
a) Tight junction
b) Adhering junction
c) Communicating junction
d) None of above
Correct answer: a) Tight junction
Explanation: Tight junctions seal adjacent epithelial cells and regulate paracellular transport.
7. The spermatozoa moves by
a) Cilia
b) Flagella
c) Microvilli
d) None of above
Correct answer: b) Flagella
Explanation: Sperm motility is driven by the flagellum composed of microtubules.
8. Inside cell protein synthesis done by
a) Mitochondria
b) Rough endoplasmic reticulum
c) Lysosomes
d) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Correct answer: b) Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Explanation: Ribosomes attached to RER synthesize proteins for secretion and membranes.
9. The non-living component of cell called
a) Inclusion
b) Organelle
c) Nucleus
d) Cytoplasm
Correct answer: a) Inclusion
Explanation: Cytoplasmic inclusions are non-living deposits such as glycogen, lipids, pigments.
10. The mitosis comprises of following number of phases
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
Correct answer: d) 4
Explanation: Mitosis includes prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
11. Animal is a
a) Unicellular organism
b) Bicellular organism
c) Multicellular organism
d) None of above
Correct answer: c) Multicellular organism
Explanation: Animals consist of multiple differentiated cells forming organs and systems.
12. Glycogen the major storage form of
a) Protein
b) Lipid
c) Carbohydrate
d) Glycoprotein
Correct answer: c) Carbohydrate
Explanation: Glycogen is the stored polysaccharide in liver and muscle tissues.
13. The study of cell called
a) Cytology
b) Pathology
c) Parasitology
d) Embryology
Correct answer: a) Cytology
Explanation: Cytology focuses on cell structure, function, and morphology.
14. Fat is stored primarily in
a) Muscle
b) Adipose cell
c) Kidney
d) None of above
Correct answer: b) Adipose cell
Explanation: Adipocytes accumulate triglycerides as energy reserves.
15. The study of development of an organism from zygote to adult is called
a) Cytology
b) Pathology
c) Parasitology
d) Embryology
Correct answer: d) Embryology
Explanation: Embryology examines prenatal development from fertilization to birth.
16. Following germ layers take part in formation of epithelium
a) Ectoderm
b) Endoderm
c) Mesoderm
d) All of above
Correct answer: d) All of above
Explanation: All three primary germ layers contribute to epithelial tissues in different organs.
17. The epithelium comprises of
a) Single cell layer
b) More than one cell layer
c) Both a and b
d) None of above
Correct answer: c) Both a and b
Explanation: Epithelium may be simple (one layer) or stratified (multiple layers).
18. The epithelium consisting of a single layer of cells is called
a) Simple
b) Stratified
c) Basement membrane
d) None of above
Correct answer: a) Simple
Explanation: Simple epithelium contains one cell layer resting on the basement membrane.
19. The epithelium having secretory function called
a) Simple epithelium
b) Stratified epithelium
c) Glandular epithelium
d) None of above
Correct answer: c) Glandular epithelium
Explanation: Glandular epithelium specializes in secretion of hormones, enzymes, and mucus.
20. The epithelium is called simple epithelium on basis of
a) Number of cell layers
b) Size of cells
c) Shape of cells
d) Location of cells
Correct answer: a) Number of cell layers
Explanation: “Simple” indicates a single continuous layer regardless of cell shape.
21. Techniques that permit direct observation of living cells include which of the following?
A) Homogenization and differential centrifugation
B) Cryofracture and freeze etch
C) Phase contrast microscopy and tissue culture
D) Radioautography and transmission electron microscopy
E) Column chromatography and isoelectric focusing
F) Blotting and electrotransfer
G) Polymerase chain reaction
Correct answer: C) Phase contrast microscopy and tissue culture
Explanation: Phase-contrast microscopy allows visualization of living cells without staining; tissue culture maintains viable cells.
22. Which of the following is enhanced by chemical fixation?
A) Autolysis
B) Enzyme activity
C) Structural preservation
D) Immunohistochemical detection of tissue antigens
E) Bacterial degradation
F) Solubility of tissue proteins
G) Diffusion of tissue components
Correct answer: C) Structural preservation
Explanation: Fixatives stabilize proteins and membranes to maintain morphology.
23. Which technique is mostly used to locate glycogen in cells?
A) Methylene blue staining
B) Feulgen’s reaction
C) Periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) reaction
D) Enzyme histochemistry
E) Immunohistochemistry
F) In situ hybridization
G) Eosin staining
Correct answer: C) Periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) reaction
Explanation: PAS detects polysaccharides including glycogen by staining them magenta.
24. Frozen sectioning may be required to avoid the removal of which substances during paraffin processing?
A) Basic proteins
B) Lipids
C) Enzymes
D) Carbohydrates
E) Nucleic acids
F) Glycoproteins
G) Minerals
Correct answer: B) Lipids
Explanation: Lipids dissolve in organic solvents used in paraffin processing, so frozen sections preserve them.
25. Which enzyme is used during DNA cloning to cut DNA at specific nucleotide sequences?
A) Alkaline phosphatase
B) DNA ligase
C) DNA polymerase
D) Horseradish peroxidase
E) Restriction nuclease
F) Reverse transcriptase
G) RNA polymerase
Correct answer: E) Restriction nuclease
Explanation: Restriction enzymes cleave DNA at defined recognition sites, enabling gene isolation.