Animal Breeding and Genetics (ABG) MCQS
1. Followings are the disadvantages of exotic dairy animals except _______________.
a) Natural germplasm is reduced b) Economics is affected c) Low production d) Gene pollution e) Methane production of higher producing animals
Correct Answer: c) Low production
Explanation: Exotic dairy breeds (like Holstein Friesian) are specifically known for their high milk production. Therefore, low production is not a disadvantage; rather, it is their primary advantage. The other options represent legitimate environmental or genetic concerns associated with their introduction.
2. Followings are the salient problems concerned with crossbreds or exotic animals except ___________.
a) Heat intolerance b) Difficult management c) Ticks infestation d) Diseases susceptibility e) Cost benefit ratio
Correct Answer: e) Cost benefit ratio
Explanation: While exotic and crossbred animals suffer from heat intolerance, high disease susceptibility, and tick infestations in tropical climates, they often provide a favorable cost-benefit ratio due to their significantly higher yields, which is why farmers adopt them.
3. Bulls are used for breed improvement programs because _____________.
a) Males can only transfer characters to future generations b) Males can be easily handled c) Use of females for breed improvement is expensive d) Embryo transfer technology is not successful e) Artificial insemination is the key tool to improve a breed
Correct Answer: e) Artificial insemination is the key tool to improve a breed
Explanation: Through Artificial Insemination (AI), a single genetically superior bull can sire thousands of offspring, making him a much more efficient and powerful tool for rapid genetic progress compared to a single cow.
4. Increase in the expression of many undesirable traits in the progeny is related to which of following breeding scheme?
a) Inbreeding/Closebreeding b) Linebreeding c) Outbreeding/Outcrossing d) Crossbreeding e) Interspecies cross
Correct Answer: a) Inbreeding/Closebreeding
Explanation: Inbreeding increases homozygosity, which often leads to “inbreeding depression”—the expression of deleterious recessive alleles that result in undesirable traits and reduced vigor.*
5. Population genetics is the study of the allele frequency distribution and change under the influence of the following evolutionary processes except _____________.
a) Natural selection b) Genetic drift c) Mutation d) Artificial selection e) Gene flow
Correct Answer: d) Artificial selection
Explanation: While artificial selection does change allele frequencies, classical Population Genetics focuses on the natural evolutionary forces: Natural selection, Genetic drift, Mutation, and Gene flow.
6. ________ tries to identify which features are inherited and work out the details of these features are passed from generation to generation.
a) Genetics b) Medicine c) Virology d) Nutrition
Correct Answer: a) Genetics
Explanation: Genetics is the branch of biology specifically concerned with the study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics.*
7. Genetics can be divided into _________ areas of study
a) 6 b) 7 c) 2 d) 3
Correct Answer: d) 3
Explanation: Genetics is traditionally divided into three main branches: Transmission Genetics (Mendelian), Molecular Genetics, and Population Genetics.
8. Total genetic complement of a cell or organism is called _________.
a) Gene b) Genotype c) Phenotype d) Genome
Correct Answer: d) Genome
Explanation: The Genome is the complete set of genetic material (DNA) present in a cell or organism.
9. There are _____ Types of phenotypic variation.
a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d) 5
Correct Answer: a) 2
Explanation: Phenotypic variation is generally categorized into two types: Qualitative (discrete traits like coat color) and Quantitative (continuous traits like milk yield).
10. Genes are determiners of__________.
a) Chromosomes b) DNA c) Heredity d) Nucleotides
Correct Answer: c) Heredity
Explanation: Genes are the fundamental units of heredity, carrying the information that determines the traits passed from parents to offspring.
11. The sequence of most genes dictates the sequence of amino acids that make up a specific _____ molecule.
a) Fat b) Carbohydrate c) Water d) Protein
Correct Answer: d) Protein
Explanation: The “Central Dogma” of molecular biology states that DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into a sequence of amino acids to form a Protein.
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12. ______________control the chemical reactions taking place in cells.
a) Catalyst b) Enzyme c) Nucleus d) Cytoplasm
Correct Answer: b) Enzyme
Explanation: Enzymes are biological catalysts (mostly proteins) that control and accelerate chemical reactions necessary for life within cells.*
13. Length of DNA is_______________.
a) 50 mm b) 50 nm c) 50 um d) 50 cm
Correct Answer: a) 50 mm
Explanation: In many eukaryotic cells, if the DNA from a single chromosome were stretched out, it would measure approximately 50 mm in length.
14. The Hardy Weinberg formula can be changed by_______________.
a) Selection b) Mutation c) Genetic drift d) All of above
Correct Answer: d) All of above
Explanation: The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium assumes a stable population. Forces such as Selection, Mutation, and Genetic drift (as well as migration) cause changes in allele frequencies, thus “changing” or breaking the formula’s equilibrium.
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15. The phenotypic value of individual is presented by?
a) P = D+E b) P = A+D+E+I c) P = G+E d) P = A+I
Correct Answer: c) P = G+E
Explanation: The basic model for quantitative genetics is that the Phenotype (P) is the sum of the Genotype (G) and the Environment (E).
16. The functional segment on the DNA thread is:
(a) Nucleotide (b) Gene (c) Nucleus (d) Allele
Correct Answer: (b) Gene
Explanation: A Gene is the specific functional segment of DNA that contains the instructions to produce a functional product, usually a protein.
17. None of these are crucial for phenotypic expression except
(a) Age (b) Proteins (c) Carbohydrates (d) Water
Correct Answer: (b) Proteins
Explanation: The primary way a genotype is expressed as a phenotype is through the synthesis of Proteins (enzymes, structural proteins, etc.) that build and operate the organism.
18. The conservative form of inbreeding is
(a) Pure breeding (b) Out breeding (c) Line breeding (d) Cross breeding
Correct Answer: (c) Line breeding
Explanation: Line breeding is a milder, more conservative form of inbreeding where animals are mated to a specific outstanding ancestor to maintain their traits without the high risks of close-breeding.*
19. In animals, meiotic division results in ……. and ………
(a) Sperm and eggs (b) Eggs (c) Sperms (d) Ovary
Correct Answer: (a) Sperm and eggs
Explanation: Meiosis is the specialized cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half to produce gametes—sperm in males and eggs in females.*
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20. Chromosomes in the cattle are?
(a) 56 (b) 44 (c) 60 (d) 72
Correct Answer: (c) 60
Explanation: Domestic cattle (Bos taurus and Bos indicus) have a diploid chromosome number of 2n = 60.
21. A genome is called as ……………….
a) Genotype b) Genetic compliment of the cell c) Phenotype d) Gene composition
Correct Answer: b) Genetic compliment of the cell
Explanation: A genome represents the total genetic complement of all the DNA contained within a single cell.
22. Smallest unit of inheritance …………………………
a) Cell b) Nucleus c) Chromosome d) Gene
Correct Answer: d) Gene
Explanation: The Gene is the most basic, smallest physical and functional unit of inheritance.
23. Phenotype of the individual is the effect of ………………………
a) Genotype b) Environment c) A & B both d) None of these
Correct Answer: c) A & B both
Explanation: The phenotype is the observable result of the interaction between an individual’s Genotype and their Environment.
24. Length of chromosome is ……………
a) 50mm b) 0.05mm c) more than 0.005 mm d) less than 0.005 mm
Correct Answer: d) less than 0.005 mm
Explanation: While a DNA strand is long, it is tightly coiled into a chromosome, which typically measures less than 0.005 mm (5 micrometers) during metaphase.
25. The founders of the population genetics are except:
a) Sewall Wright b) J. B. Shaldan (Haldane) c) Newton d) R. A. Fisher
Correct Answer: c) Newton
Explanation: Wright, Haldane, and Fisher are the “big three” who founded Population Genetics. Newton was a physicist and mathematician, not a geneticist.