General Pathology Questions Set 2
26. Lips and teeth are absent in birds and replaced by
a) Ramphotheca b) Tomium c) Egg tooth
Correct Answer: (a) Ramphotheca
Explanation: The absence of lips and true teeth in birds is compensated for by the beak, which is covered by a horny sheath called the Ramphotheca. This structure is lightweight yet strong enough for various feeding behaviors.
27. The dorsal part of beak in birds is called
a) Tomium b) Culmen c) Egg tooth d) None of above
Correct Answer: (b) Culmen
Explanation: The Culmen is the anatomical term for the dorsal ridge of the upper mandible of a bird’s bill. Its shape often reflects the bird’s ecological niche.
28. On the rostral part of the Culmen in newly hatched chick is a small pointed process.
a) Egg Shell b) Egg Tooth c) Tomium d) None of above
Correct Answer: (b) Egg Tooth
Explanation: The Egg Tooth is a temporary, sharp projection on the tip of the beak used by the embryo to pierce the air cell and “pip” the shell during hatching. It is usually resorbed or falls off shortly after birth.
29. In birds the following structure is absent
a) Hard palate b) Pharynx c) soft palate d) Diaphragm
Correct Answer: (c) soft palate
Explanation: Birds do not possess a soft palate (or a muscular diaphragm, which is also listed but the question context usually focuses on the oral cavity in this specific series). The lack of a soft palate results in a direct communication between the oral and nasal cavities.
30. The mucous membrane of the palate bears following epithelium in birds
a) Stratified Squamous b) Simple squamous c) Stratified Squamous keratinized
Correct Answer: (c) Stratified Squamous keratinized
Explanation: To provide protection against the mechanical abrasion of rough feed, the avian palate is lined with Stratified Squamous Keratinized epithelium, which is much tougher than the non-keratinized type found in some mammals.
31. The skeleton of tongue in birds is formed by
a. Hyoid bone b. Jugal bar c. Entoglossal
Correct Answer: (a. Hyoid bone)
Explanation: The avian tongue is supported by a complex of bones and cartilage known as the Hyoid apparatus (or Hyoid bone). This allows for the specialized tongue movements required for different feeding styles.
32. There are following no. of salivary glands in birds
a) 6 b) 4 c) 8 d) 2
Correct Answer: (b) 4
Explanation: While specific numbers can vary by species, the domestic fowl typically possesses four major groups of paired salivary glands: Maxillary, Palatine, Sphenopterygoid, and Mandibular glands.
33. The following part of esophagus is shorter in birds
a. Cervical b. Thoracic c. Pharyngeal
Correct Answer: (b. Thoracic)
Explanation: In birds, the Thoracic part of the esophagus is significantly shorter than the cervical part, as the esophagus quickly enters the proventriculus after passing through the thoracic inlet.
34. The internal lining of esophagus in birds is
a. Stratified Squamous epithelium b. Stratified Squamous keratinized c. Simple Squamous
Correct Answer: (b. Stratified Squamous keratinized)
Explanation: Similar to the oral cavity, the bird’s esophagus is lined with Stratified Squamous Keratinized epithelium to handle the rapid swallowing of dry or coarse food items.
35. The glandular stomach of birds is also called
a) Crop b) Gizzard c) Proventriculus
Correct Answer: (c) Proventriculus
Explanation: The Proventriculus is the “true” or glandular stomach of the bird. It secretes hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen for chemical digestion before the food reaches the muscular stomach.
36. The glandular stomach of birds has a length of
a) 3cm b) 5cm c) 2cm
Correct Answer: (a) 3cm
Explanation: In a standard-sized domestic chicken, the proventriculus is a small, spindle-shaped organ typically measuring approximately 3 cm in length.
37. Shape of muscular stomach in birds is like a
a) Convex lens b) Concave lens c) Biconvex lens
Correct Answer: (c) Biconvex lens
Explanation: The Gizzard (ventriculus) is highly muscular and has a flattened, rounded shape that resembles a Biconvex lens. This shape is optimized for the mechanical grinding of food.
38. The walls of Gizzard are lined by
a) Simple Columnar b) Simple Squamous c) Stratified Columnar
Correct Answer: (a) Simple Columnar
Explanation: The internal surface of the gizzard is lined with Simple Columnar epithelium, which secretes a tough, keratin-like material called the koilin layer that protects the tissue during grinding.
39. Jejunum in birds is attached with
a) Peritoneum b) Mesentery c) Duodenum
Correct Answer: (b) Mesentery
Explanation: The Jejunum is suspended from the dorsal abdominal wall by a double layer of peritoneum known as the Mesentery, which also carries blood vessels and nerves to the intestines.
40. A short blind remnant of the yolk sac in birds is called
a) Egg tooth b) Yolk c) Meckles diverticulum
Correct Answer: (c) Meckles diverticulum
Explanation: The Meckel’s diverticulum is a small, blind-ending pouch on the small intestine that marks the anatomical boundary between the jejunum and ileum. It is the remnant of the fetal yolk sac connection.
41. In birds there are following number of Ceaca
a. 1 b. 2 c) 3
Correct Answer: (b. 2)
Explanation: Most birds, particularly poultry, have two large, blind-ending pouches called Caeca (singular: Caecum) at the junction of the small and large intestines, which are sites for microbial fermentation.
42. The Gall bladder in birds lies in following lobe of liver.
a) Right lobe b) Left lobe c) None of above
Correct Answer: (a) Right lobe
Explanation: The Gall bladder is typically attached to the visceral surface of the Right lobe of the liver in birds that possess one (notably, some species like pigeons lack a gall bladder).
43. The endocrine portion of pancreas in birds is
a) Beta Cells b) Islets of langerhans c) Alpha Cells
Correct Answer: (b) Islets of langerhans
Explanation: The Islets of Langerhans comprise the endocrine portion of the avian pancreas, secreting hormones like insulin and glucagon directly into the bloodstream.
44. In birds the nostrils are bounded dorsally by
a) Operculum b) Hairs c) Upper beak
Correct Answer: (a) Operculum
Explanation: The avian nostrils (nares) are often partially covered by a protective, horny flap or soft swelling called the Operculum, which helps filter air and protect the nasal cavity.
45. The voice box of birds is called
a) Syrinx b) Larynx c) Pharynx
Correct Answer: (a) Syrinx
Explanation: The sound-producing organ in birds is the Syrinx, located at the bifurcation of the trachea. The larynx in birds is primarily used to protect the airway and lacks vocal cords.
46. In birds following number of cartilages are present in birds
a) 55 b) 126 c) 106
Correct Answer: (c) 106
Explanation: While variable by species and size, the trachea of a domestic fowl is often cited in anatomical texts as having approximately 106 complete cartilaginous rings.
47. The lungs of birds has length of
a) 5 cm b) 4 cm c) 7 cm
Correct Answer: (a) 5 cm
Explanation: The lungs of a domestic fowl are relatively small, non-expandable, and deeply embedded in the ribs. They measure approximately 5 cm in length.
48. There are following no. of air sacs in birds
a) 8 b) 9 c) 10
Correct Answer: (b) 9
Explanation: Most avian species, including the chicken, have nine air sacs: one unpaired clavicular sac and four paired sacs (cervical, cranial thoracic, caudal thoracic, and abdominal).
49. The following air sac is single in birds
a) Cervical b) Axillary c) Clavicular
Correct Answer: (c) Clavicular
Explanation: The Clavicular air sac is the only unpaired sac in the avian respiratory system. It is located between the clavicles and often has extensions into the humerus.
50. The birds can fly due to
a) Light weight b) Pneumatic bones c) Wings
Correct Answer: (b) Pneumatic bones
Explanation: While all options contribute to flight, the presence of Pneumatic bones (hollow bones filled with air from the air sacs) is a key evolutionary adaptation that drastically reduces body weight without sacrificing structural strength.